All Publications

@article{pmid21497935,

title = {Postprandial Hyperglycemia Is Highly Prevalent throughout the Day in Type 2 Diabetes Patients},

author = {Jan-Willem Dijk and Ralph J F Manders and Fred Hartgens and Coen D Stehouwer and Stephan F E Praet and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.1016/j.diabres.2011.03.021},

issn = {1872-8227},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-07-01},

journal = {Diabetes research and clinical practice},

volume = {93},

number = {1},

pages = {31–37},

abstract = {AIM: Although postprandial hyperglycemia is recognized as an important target in type 2 diabetes treatment, information on the prevalence of postprandial hyperglycemia throughout the day is limited. Therefore, we assessed the prevalence of hyperglycemia throughout the day in type 2 diabetes patients and healthy controls under standardized dietary, but otherwise free-living conditions.nnMETHODS: 60 male type 2 diabetes patients (HbA(1c) 7.5±0.1% [58±1 mmol/mol]) and 24 age- and BMI-matched normal glucose tolerant controls were recruited to participate in a comparative study of daily glycemic control. During a 3-day experimental period, blood glucose concentrations throughout the day were assessed by continuous glucose monitoring.nnRESULTS: Type 2 diabetes patients experienced hyperglycemia (glucose concentrations ¿10 mmol/L) 38±4% of the day. Even diabetes patients with an HbA(1c) level below 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) experienced hyperglycemia for as much as 24±5% throughout the day. Hyperglycemia was negligible in the control group (3±1%).nnCONCLUSION: Hyperglycemia is highly prevalent throughout the day in type 2 diabetes patients, even in those patients with a HbA(1c) level well below 7.0% (53 mmol/mol). Standard medical care with prescription of oral blood glucose lowering medication does not provide ample protection against postprandial hyperglycemia.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21364122,

title = {Impact of Protein Coingestion on Muscle Protein Synthesis during Continuous Endurance Type Exercise},

author = {Milou Beelen and Antoine Zorenc and Bart Pennings and Joan M Senden and Harm Kuipers and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.1152/ajpendo.00446.2010},

issn = {1522-1555},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-06-01},

journal = {American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism},

volume = {300},

number = {6},

pages = {E945–E954},

abstract = {This study investigates the impact of protein coingestion with carbohydrate on muscle protein synthesis during endurance type exercise. Twelve healthy male cyclists were studied during 2 h of fasted rest followed by 2 h of continuous cycling at 55% W(max). During exercise, subjects received either 1.0 g$cdot$kg(-1)$cdot$h(-1) carbohydrate (CHO) or 0.8 g$cdot$kg(-1)$cdot$h(-1) carbohydrate with 0.2 g$cdot$kg(-1)$cdot$h(-1) protein hydrolysate (CHO+PRO). Continuous intravenous infusions with l-[ring-(13)C(6)]phenylalanine and l-[ring-(2)H(2)]tyrosine were applied, and blood and muscle biopsies were collected to assess whole body protein turnover and muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and during exercise conditions. Protein coingestion stimulated whole body protein synthesis and oxidation rates during exercise by 22 ± 3 and 70 ± 17%, respectively (P ¡ 0.01). Whole body protein breakdown rates did not differ between experiments. As a consequence, whole body net protein balance was slightly negative in CHO and positive in the CHO+PRO treatment (-4.9 ± 0.3 vs. 8.0 ± 0.3 μmol Phe$cdot$kg(-1)$cdot$h(-1), respectively, P ¡ 0.01). Mixed muscle protein fractional synthetic rates (FSR) were higher during exercise compared with resting conditions (0.058 ± 0.006 vs. 0.035 ± 0.006%/h in CHO and 0.070 ± 0.011 vs. 0.038 ± 0.005%/h in the CHO+PRO treatment, respectively, P ¡ 0.05). FSR during exercise did not differ between experiments (P = 0.46). We conclude that muscle protein synthesis is stimulated during continuous endurance type exercise activities when carbohydrate with or without protein is ingested. Protein coingestion does not further increase muscle protein synthesis rates during continuous endurance type exercise.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21525248,

title = {Prolonged Leucine Supplementation Does Not Augment Muscle Mass or Affect Glycemic Control in Elderly Type 2 Diabetic Men},

author = {Marika Leenders and Lex B Verdijk and Letty Hoeven and Janneau Kranenburg and Fred Hartgens and Will K W H Wodzig and Wim H M Saris and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.3945/jn.111.138495},

issn = {1541-6100},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-06-01},

journal = {The Journal of nutrition},

volume = {141},

number = {6},

pages = {1070–1076},

abstract = {The loss of muscle mass with aging has been, at least partly, attributed to a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to food intake. Leucine coingestion has been reported to stimulate postprandial insulin release and augment postprandial muscle protein accretion. We assessed the clinical benefits of 6 mo of leucine supplementation in elderly, type 2 diabetes patients. Sixty elderly males with type 2 diabetes (age, 71 ± 1 y; BMI, 27.3 ± 0.4 kg/m(2)) were administered 2.5 g L-leucine (n = 30) or a placebo (n = 30) with each main meal during 6 mo of nutritional intervention (7.5 g/d leucine or placebo). Body composition, muscle fiber characteristics, muscle strength, glucose homeostasis, and basal plasma amino acid and lipid concentrations were assessed prior to, during, and after intervention. Lean tissue mass did not change or differ between groups and at 0, 3, and 6 mo were 61.9 ± 1.1, 62.2 ± 1.1, and 62.0 ± 1.0 kg, respectively, in the leucine group and 62.2 ± 1.3, 62.2 ± 1.3, and 62.2 ± 1.3 kg in the placebo group. There also were no changes in body fat percentage, muscle strength, and muscle fiber type characteristics. Blood glycosylated hemoglobin did not change or differ between groups and was 7.1 ± 0.1% in the leucine group and 7.2 ± 0.2% in the placebo group. Consistent with this, oral glucose insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid concentrations did not change or differ between groups. We conclude that prolonged leucine supplementation (7.5 g/d) does not modulate body composition, muscle mass, strength, glycemic control, and/or lipidemia in elderly, type 2 diabetes patients who habitually consume adequate dietary protein.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21367943,

title = {Whey Protein Stimulates Postprandial Muscle Protein Accretion More Effectively than Do Casein and Casein Hydrolysate in Older Men},

author = {Bart Pennings and Yves Boirie and Joan M G Senden and Annemie P Gijsen and Harm Kuipers and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.3945/ajcn.110.008102},

issn = {1938-3207},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-05-01},

journal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},

volume = {93},

number = {5},

pages = {997–1005},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia has been attributed to a diminished muscle protein synthetic response to food intake. Differences in digestion and absorption kinetics of dietary protein, its amino acid composition, or both have been suggested to modulate postprandial muscle protein accretion.nnOBJECTIVE: The objective was to compare protein digestion and absorption kinetics and subsequent postprandial muscle protein accretion after ingestion of whey, casein, and casein hydrolysate in healthy older adults.nnDESIGN: A total of 48 older men aged 74 ± 1 y (mean ± SEM) were randomly assigned to ingest a meal-like amount (20 g) of intrinsically l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-labeled whey, casein, or casein hydrolysate. Protein ingestion was combined with continuous intravenous l-[ring-(2)H(5)]phenylalanine infusion to assess in vivo digestion and absorption kinetics of dietary protein. Postprandial mixed muscle protein fractional synthetic rates (FSRs) were calculated from the ingested tracer.nnRESULTS: The peak appearance rate of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine in the circulation was greater with whey and casein hydrolysate than with casein (P ¡ 0.05). FSR values were higher after whey (0.15 ± 0.02%/h) than after casein (0.08 ± 0.01%/h; P ¡ 0.01) and casein hydrolysate (0.10 ± 0.01%/h; P ¡ 0.05) ingestion. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.66, P ¡ 0.01) was observed between peak plasma leucine concentrations and postprandial FSR values.nnCONCLUSIONS: Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men. This effect is attributed to a combination of whey's faster digestion and absorption kinetics and higher leucine content. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00557388.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21321955,

title = {Continuous Endurance-Type Exercise Training Does Not Modulate Satellite Cell Content in Obese Type 2 Diabetes Patients},

author = {Tim Snijders and Lex B Verdijk and Dominique Hansen and Paul Dendale and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.1002/mus.21891},

issn = {1097-4598},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-03-01},

journal = {Muscle & nerve},

volume = {43},

number = {3},

pages = {393–401},

abstract = {Endurance-type exercise training represents a cornerstone in type 2 diabetes treatment. However, the effects of prolonged continuous, endurance-type exercise on muscle fiber characteristics remain equivocal. Fifteen obese male type 2 diabetes patients (61 ± 6 years) participated in a 6-month continuous, endurance-type exercise program. Muscle biopsies were collected before, and after 2 and 6 months of intervention. Muscle fiber type-specific composition, size, and satellite cell (SC) and myonuclear content were determined by immunohistochemistry. Although continuous endurance-type exercise training lowered total body weight and reduced fat mass, no changes were observed in leg lean mass. At baseline, SC content was significantly lower in type II compared with type I muscle fibers. No change in SC content was observed after exercise training. Continuous endurance-type exercise training lowers fat mass, but it does not increase leg lean mass and/or modulate muscle fiber characteristics in type 2 diabetes patients.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21084649,

title = {Exercising before Protein Intake Allows for Greater Use of Dietary Protein-Derived Amino Acids for de Novo Muscle Protein Synthesis in Both Young and Elderly Men},

author = {Bart Pennings and René Koopman and Milou Beelen and Joan M G Senden and Wim H M Saris and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.3945/ajcn.2010.29649},

issn = {1938-3207},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-02-01},

journal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},

volume = {93},

number = {2},

pages = {322–331},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia seems to be attributed to a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to food intake and exercise. This blunted response could be the result of impaired protein digestion and absorption kinetics and lead to lower postprandial plasma amino acid availability.nnOBJECTIVE: The objective was to compare in vivo dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics and subsequent postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and after exercise between young and elderly men.nnDESIGN: Young and elderly men consumed a 20-g bolus of intrinsically L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-labeled protein at rest or after exercise. Continuous infusions with L-[ring-(2)H(5)]phenylalanine were applied, and blood and muscle samples were collected to assess in vivo protein digestion and absorption kinetics and subsequent postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates.nnRESULTS: Exogenous phenylalanine appearance rates expressed over time did not differ between groups. No differences were observed in plasma phenylalanine availability between the young (51 ± 2%) and elderly (51 ± 1%) men or between the rest (52 ± 1%) and exercise (49 ± 1%) conditions. Muscle protein synthesis rates calculated from the oral tracer were 0.0620 ± 0.0065%/h and 0.0560 ± 0.0039%/h for the rest condition and 0.0719 ± 0.0057%/h and 0.0727 ± 0.0040%/h for the exercise condition in young and elderly men, respectively (age effect: P = 0.62; exercise effect: P ¡ 0.05; interaction of age and exercise: P = 0.52).nnCONCLUSIONS: Dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics are not impaired after exercise or at an older age. Exercising before protein intake allows for a greater use of dietary protein-derived amino acids for de novo muscle protein synthesis in both young and elderly men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00557388.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid22301837,

title = {Dietary Protein to Support Muscle Hypertrophy},

author = {Luc J C Loon and Martin J Gibala},

doi = {10.1159/000329287},

issn = {1664-2155},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Nestlé Nutrition Institute workshop series},

volume = {69},

pages = {79–89; discussion 89–95},

abstract = {Intact protein, protein hydrolysates, and free amino acids are popular ingredients in contemporary sports nutrition, and have been suggested to augment post-exercise recovery. Protein and/or amino acid ingestion stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis, inhibits protein breakdown and, as such, stimulates muscle protein accretion following resistance and endurance type exercise. This has been suggested to lead to a greater adaptive response to each successive exercise bout, resulting in more effective muscle reconditioning. Despite limited evidence, some basic guidelines can be defined regarding the preferred type, amount, and timing of dietary protein that should be ingested to maximize post-exercise muscle protein accretion. Whey protein seems most effective in stimulating muscle protein synthesis during acute post-exercise recovery. This is likely attributable to its rapid digestion and absorption kinetics and specific amino acid composition. Ingestion of approximately 20 g protein during and/or immediately after exercise is sufficient to maximize post-exercise muscle protein synthesis rates. Coingestion of a large amount of carbohydrate or free leucine is not warranted to further augment post- exercise muscle protein synthesis when ample protein is already ingested. Future research should focus on the relevance of the acute anabolic response following exercise to optimize the skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise training.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{renekoopman2011,

title = {Exercise and Nutritional Interventions to Combat Age-Related Muscle Loss},

author = {René Koopman and Lex B. Verdijk and Luc J. C. Loon},

doi = {10.1007/978-90-481-9713-2_13},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

pages = {289–315},

abstract = {Aging is accompanied by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, leading to the loss of functional capacity and an increased risk of developing chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes. The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass must be due to a chronic disruption in the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation. In addition, it has been suggested that a decline in the number of satellite cells (SC) and/or their ability to become activated can contribute to the development of sarcopenia. In healthy active older individuals, there does not seem to be a disturbance in muscle protein metabolism in the fasted (basal) state. Consequently, it has been proposed that older muscle has a deficit in the ability to regulate the protein synthetic response to anabolic stimuli, such as food intake and physical activity. Indeed, recent data suggest that the dose-response relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis and the availability of essential amino acids and/or resistance exercise intensity is shifted down and to the right in elderly humans. This so-called anabolic resistance is now believed to represent a key factor responsible for the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass. Although physical activity and/or exercise stimulate muscle protein synthesis in both the young and elderly, the hypertrophic response largely depends on the timed administration of amino acids and/or protein prior to, during, and/or after exercise. However, prolonged resistance type exercise training has been shown to be effective as a therapeutic strategy to augment skeletal muscle mass, increase muscle SC content, and improve functional performance in the elderly. The latter shows that the ability to increase muscle mass is preserved up to very old age. More research is warranted to elucidate the interaction between nutrition, exercise and the skeletal muscle adaptive response. The latter is needed to define more effective strategies that will maximize the therapeutic benefits of lifestyle intervention in the elderly.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{renekoopman2011a,

title = {Post-Exercise Protein Synthesis Rates Are Only Marginally Higher in Type I Compared with Type II Muscle Fibres Following Resistance-Type Exercise},

author = {René Koopman and René Koopman and Benjamin G. Gleeson and Benjamin G. Gleeson and Annemie P. Gijsen and Annemie P. Gijsen and Bart B. L. Groen and Bart B. L. Groen and Joan M. Senden and Joan M. G. Senden and Michael J. Rennie and Michael J. Rennie and Luc J. C. Loon and Luc J. C. Loon},

doi = {10.1007/s00421-010-1808-9},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Applied Physiology},

volume = {111},

number = {8},

pages = {1871–1878},

abstract = {We examined the effect of an acute bout of resistance exercise on fractional muscle protein synthesis rates in human type I and type II muscle fibres. After a standardised breakfast (31 ± 1 kJ kg-1 body weight, consisting of 52 Energy% (En%) carbohydrate, 34 En% protein and 14 En% fat), 9 untrained men completed a lower-limb resistance exercise bout (8 sets of 10 repetitions leg press and leg extension at 70% 1RM). A primed, continuous infusion of l-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine was combined with muscle biopsies collected from both legs immediately after exercise and after 6 h of post-exercise recovery. Single muscle fibres were dissected from freeze-dried biopsies and stained for ATPase activity with pre-incubation at a pH of 4.3. Type I and II fibres were separated under a light microscope and analysed for protein-bound l-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine labelling. Baseline (post-exercise) l-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine muscle tissue labelling, expressed as ($partial$13C/12C), averaged -32.09 ± 0.28, -32.53 ± 0.10 and -32.02 ± 0.16 in the type I and II muscle fibres and mixed muscle, respectively (P = 0.14). During post-exercise recovery, muscle protein synthesis rates were marginally (8 ± 2%) higher in the type I than type II muscle fibres, at 0.100 ± 0.005 versus 0.094 ± 0.005%/h, respectively (P $<$ 0.05), whereby rates of mixed muscle protein were 0.091 ± 0.005%/h. Muscle protein synthesis rates following resistance-type exercise are only marginally higher in type I compared with type II muscle fibres.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21116024,

title = {Nutritional Strategies to Promote Postexercise Recovery},

author = {Milou Beelen and Louise M Burke and Martin J Gibala and J C Loon L},

doi = {10.1123/ijsnem.20.6.515},

issn = {1526-484X},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-12-01},

journal = {International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism},

volume = {20},

number = {6},

pages = {515–532},

abstract = {During postexercise recovery, optimal nutritional intake is important to replenish endogenous substrate stores and to facilitate muscle-damage repair and reconditioning. After exhaustive endurance-type exercise, muscle glycogen repletion forms the most important factor determining the time needed to recover. Postexercise carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion has been well established as the most important determinant of muscle glycogen synthesis. Coingestion of protein and/or amino acids does not seem to further increase muscle glycogensynthesis rates when CHO intake exceeds 1.2 g × kg$^-1$ × hr$^-1$. However, from a practical point of view it is not always feasible to ingest such large amounts of CHO. The combined ingestion of a small amount of protein (0.2-0.4 g × kg$^-1$ × hr$^-1$) with less CHO (0.8 g × kg$^-1$ × hr$^-1$) stimulates endogenous insulin release and results in similar muscle glycogen-repletion rates as the ingestion of 1.2 g × kg$^-1$ × hr$^-1$ CHO. Furthermore, postexercise protein and/or amino acid administration is warranted to stimulate muscle protein synthesis, inhibit protein breakdown, and allow net muscle protein accretion. The consumption of 20 g intact protein, or an equivalent of 9 g essential amino acids, has been reported to maximize muscle protein-synthesis rates during the first hours of postexercise recovery. Ingestion of such small amounts of dietary protein 5 or 6 times daily might support maximal muscle protein-synthesis rates throughout the day. Consuming CHO and protein during the early phases of recovery has been shown to positively affect subsequent exercise performance and could be of specific benefit for athletes involved in multiple training or competition sessions on the same or consecutive days.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20942509,

title = {The Impact of Training Modalities on the Clinical Benefits of Exercise Intervention in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease Risk or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus},

author = {Dominique Hansen and Paul Dendale and Luc J C Loon and Romain Meeusen},

doi = {10.2165/11535930-000000000-00000},

issn = {1179-2035},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-11-01},

journal = {Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)},

volume = {40},

number = {11},

pages = {921–940},

abstract = {Exercise training intervention represents an effective means to reduce adipose tissue mass, improve glycaemic control and increase whole-body oxygen uptake capacity (VO(2peak)) in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart disease patients. In this manuscript, we review the impact of different exercise training modalities on clinical benefits of prolonged exercise intervention in these patient (sub)populations. By changing training modalities, significantly greater clinical benefits can be obtained. Greater training frequency and longer programme duration is associated with greater reduction in adipose tissue mass in obesity patients. A greater training frequency (up to 2 days/week) and a longer programme duration (up to 38 weeks) seems to be associated with greater improvements in VO(2peak) in heart disease patients. Longer programme duration and addition of resistance-type exercise further improve glycaemic control in T2DM patients. The first line of evidence seems to indicate that high-intensity interval exercise training has a greater impact on VO(2peak) in heart disease patients and insulin sensitivity in subjects with metabolic syndrome, but not on adipose tissue mass in obese subjects. However, it remains unclear whether addition of resistance-type exercise and continuous higher-intensity endurance-type exercise training are accompanied by greater improvements in VO(2peak) in heart disease patients. Furthermore, the impact of training session duration/volume on adipose tissue mass loss and glycaemic control in obesity and T2DM patients, respectively, is currently unknown. The impact of training frequency on glycaemic control remains to be investigated in T2DM patients.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid21054286,

title = {Characteristics of Muscle Fiber Type Are Predictive of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in Elderly Men},

author = {Lex B Verdijk and Tim Snijders and Milou Beelen and Hans H C M Savelberg and Kenneth Meijer and Harm Kuipers and Luc J C Van Loon},

doi = {10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03150.x},

issn = {1532-5415},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-11-01},

journal = {Journal of the American Geriatrics Society},

volume = {58},

number = {11},

pages = {2069–2075},

abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between skeletal muscle fiber type-specific characteristics, circulating hormone concentrations, and skeletal muscle mass and strength in older men.nnDESIGN: Cross-sectional analyses.nnSETTING: University research center.nnPARTICIPANTS: Forty-one community dwelling elderly men ($geq$ 65).nnMEASUREMENTS: Leg strength (1-repetition maximum, 1RM) and whole-body and limb muscle mass were determined, and muscle fiber type composition, cross-sectional area (CSA), myonuclear content, and satellite cell (SC) content were assessed in skeletal muscle biopsy samples. In addition, blood samples were collected to determine serum testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-1, and IGF binding protein-3 concentrations.nnRESULTS: Muscle mass correlated with muscle strength (0.41 $łeq$ correlation coefficient (r) $łeq$ 0.72; P ¡ .01). Muscle fiber CSA, myonuclear content, and SC content were significantly lower in type II than in type I muscle fibers. Myonuclear and SC content were positively correlated with muscle fiber CSA. Furthermore, greater muscle fiber CSA (type I and II) was associated with greater thigh muscle area and muscle strength (0.30 $łeq$ r $łeq$ 0.45; P ¡ .05). Testosterone concentration was positively correlated with muscle mass and muscle fiber CSA. Regression analysis showed that SC content, myonuclear content, and testosterone concentration are predictive of muscle fiber CSA. Furthermore, muscle mass and type II muscle fiber CSA are predictive of muscle strength.nnCONCLUSION: Skeletal muscle mass and strength in elderly men are positively correlated with muscle fiber type-specific CSA, myonuclear content, and SC content. These findings support the assumption that a decline in SC content plays an important role in age-related decline in muscle mass and strength.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20131064,

title = {Plasma Adipokine and Inflammatory Marker Concentrations Are Altered in Obese, as Opposed to Non-Obese, Type 2 Diabetes Patients},

author = {Dominique Hansen and Paul Dendale and Milou Beelen and Richard A M Jonkers and Annelies Mullens and Luk Corluy and Romain Meeusen and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.1007/s00421-010-1362-5},

issn = {1439-6327},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-06-01},

journal = {European journal of applied physiology},

volume = {109},

number = {3},

pages = {397–404},

abstract = {Elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA), inflammatory marker, and altered adipokine concentrations have been observed in obese type 2 diabetes patients. It remains unclear whether these altered plasma concentrations are related to the diabetic state or presence of obesity. In this cross-sectional observational study, we compare basal plasma FFA, inflammatory marker, and adipokine concentrations between obese and non-obese type 2 diabetes patients and healthy, non-obese controls. A total of 20 healthy, normoglycemic males (BMI ¡30 kg/m(2)), 20 non-obese (BMI ¡30 kg/m(2)) and 20 obese (BMI ¿35 kg/m(2)) type 2 diabetes patients were selected to participate in this study. Groups were matched for age and habitual physical activity level. Body composition, glycemic control, and exercise performance capacity were assessed. Basal blood samples were collected to determine plasma leptin, adiponectin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and FFA concentrations. Plasma FFA, inflammatory marker (hsCRP, IL-6, TNFalpha), adipokine (adiponectin, resistin, leptin), and triglyceride concentrations did not differ between non-obese diabetes patients and healthy, normoglycemic controls. Plasma FFA, IL-6, hsCRP, leptin, and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in the obese diabetes patients when compared with the healthy normoglycemic controls (P ¡ 0.05). Furthermore, plasma hsCRP and leptin levels were significantly higher in the obese versus non-obese diabetes patients (P ¡ 0.05). Significant correlations between plasma parameters and glycemic control were observed, but disappeared after adjusting for trunk adipose tissue mass. Elevated plasma leptin, hsCRP, IL-6, and FFA concentrations are associated with obesity and not necessarily with the type 2 diabetic state.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{jamesa.timmons2010,

title = {Using Molecular Classification to Predict Gains in Maximal Aerobic Capacity Following Endurance Exercise Training in Humans.},

author = {James A. Timmons and James A. Timmons and Steen Knudsen and Steen Knudsen and Tuomo Rankinen and Tuomo Rankinen and Lauren G. Koch and Lauren G. Koch and Lauren G. Koch and Mark A. Sarzynski and Mark A. Sarzynski and Thomas E. Jensen and Thomas Jensen and Pernille Keller and Pernille Keller and Camilla Schéele and Camilla Scheele and Niels Vollaard and Niels B. J. Vollaard and Søren Nielsen and Søren Nielsen and Søren Laurentius Nielsen and Søren Achim Nielsen and Tobias Åkerström and Thorbjorn Akerstrom and Ormond A. MacDougald and Ormond A. MacDougald and Eva Jansson and E Jansson and Eva Jansson and Paul L. Greenhaff and Paul L. Greenhaff and Mark A. Tarnopolsky and Mark A. Tarnopolsky and Luc J. C. Loon and Luc J. C. Loon and Bente Klarlund Pedersen and Bente Klarlund Pedersen and Carl Johan Sundberg and Carl Johan Sundberg and Claes Wahlestedt and Claes Wahlestedt and Steven L. Britton and Steven L. Britton and Claude Bouchard and Claude Bouchard},

doi = {10.1152/japplphysiol.01295.2009},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-06-01},

journal = {Journal of Applied Physiology},

volume = {108},

number = {6},

pages = {1487–1496},

abstract = {A low maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2max) is a strong risk factor for premature mortality. Supervised endurance exercise training increases Vo2max with a very wide range of effectiveness in human...},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid20138384,

title = {Prescription of Physical Activity Is Not Sufficient to Change Sedentary Behavior and Improve Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients},

author = {Willeke Wisse and Maaike Boer Rookhuizen and Martijn D Kruif and Janny Rossum and Inge Jordans and Hugo Cate and Luc J C Loon and Eelco W Meesters},

doi = {10.1016/j.diabres.2010.01.015},

issn = {1872-8227},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-05-01},

journal = {Diabetes research and clinical practice},

volume = {88},

number = {2},

pages = {e10–e13},

abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of personalized exercise prescription on habitual physical activity and glycemic control in sedentary, insulin treated type 2 diabetes patients during a 2-y intervention period.nnRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: 74 patients were randomized to the intervention (n=38) or control (n=36) group. The intervention group was stimulated to increase daily physical activity through regular, structured, and personalized exercise prescription by a physical therapist over the 2-y intervention period.nnRESULTS: Physical activity levels at work or in leisure time were not modulated by the exercise prescription intervention. In accordance, no changes in body composition, glycemic control, medication use or risk factors for cardiovascular disease were observed.nnCONCLUSIONS: Long-term behavioral intervention programs, providing individualized exercise prescription, are not sufficient to change sedentary behavior and/or improve glycemic control in insulin treated, type 2 diabetes patients.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{jaspers2010,

title = {Low-Intensity Exercise Reduces the Prevalence of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes.},

author = {Richard T. Jaspers and Ralph Manders and Ralph J. F. Manders and Jan-Willem Dijk and Jan-Willem Dijk and Luc J. C. Loon and Luc J. C. Loon},

doi = {10.1249/mss.0b013e3181b3b16d},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise},

volume = {42},

number = {2},

pages = {219–225},

abstract = {MANDERS, R. J. F., J. W. M. VAN DIJK, and L. J. C. VAN LOON. Low-Intensity Exercise Reduces the Prevalence of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 219–225, 2010. Introduction: Glycemic instability is a severely underestimated problem in type 2 diabetes treatment. Therapeutic targets should aim to reduce postprandial blood glucose excursions. Exercise prescription can effectively improve glucose homeostasis and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications. Aim: To assess the impact of a single, isoenergetic bout of low- (LI) and high-intensity (HI) exercise on the prevalence of hyperglycemia throughout the subsequent 24-h postexercise period in longstanding type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: Nine sedentary, male type 2 diabetes patients (age = 57 T 2 yr, body mass index = 29.0 T 1.0 kgIm j2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{johanw.e.jocken2010,

title = {Skeletal Muscle Lipase Content and Activity in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes},

author = {Johan W. E. Jocken and Johan W. E. Jocken and Cédric Moro and Cedric Moro and Gijs H. Goossens and Gijs H. Goossens and Dominique Hansen and Dominique Hansen and Aline Mairal and Aline Mairal and Matthijs K. C. Hesselink and Matthijs K. C. Hesselink and Dominique Langin and Dominique Langin and Luc J. C. Loon and Luc J. C. Loon and Ellen E. Blaak and Ellen E. Blaak},

doi = {10.1210/jc.2010-0776},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism},

volume = {95},

number = {12},

pages = {5449–5453},

abstract = {Context: The obese insulin-resistant state is characterized by elevated lipid storage in skeletal muscle tissue. Objective: We tested whether differences in muscle triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) lipase content and activity are associated with incomplete in vivo lipolysis and lipid accumulation. Design and Patients: Two case-control studies were conducted on skeletal muscle biopsies from lean (n = 13) and obese (n = 10) men (study 1) and from 11 nonobese type 2 diabetic (T2D), obese T2D, and healthy normoglycemic men (study 2). Main Outcome Measures: Skeletal muscle lipase protein content and activity and muscle lipid content (TAG and DAG) were determined. Results: Skeletal muscle hormone-sensitive lipase protein content was lower (0.39 ± 0.07 vs. 1.00 ± 0.19 arbitrary units; P = 0.004) and adipose triglyceride lipase protein content was higher in obese men compared with lean controls (2.17 ± 0.40 vs. 0.42 ± 0.23 arbitrary units; P = 0.008). This apparent difference in lipase content was ac...},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19479186,

title = {Exercise Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes},

author = {Stephan F E Praet and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.1007/s00592-009-0129-0},

issn = {1432-5233},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-12-01},

journal = {Acta diabetologica},

volume = {46},

number = {4},

pages = {263–278},

abstract = {Structured exercise is considered an important cornerstone to achieve good glycemic control and improve cardiovascular risk profile in Type 2 diabetes. Current clinical guidelines acknowledge the therapeutic strength of exercise intervention. This paper reviews the wide pathophysiological problems associated with Type 2 diabetes and discusses the benefits of exercise therapy on phenotype characteristics, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk profile in Type 2 diabetes patients. Based on the currently available literature, it is concluded that Type 2 diabetes patients should be stimulated to participate in specifically designed exercise intervention programs. More attention should be paid to cardiovascular and musculoskeletal deconditioning as well as motivational factors to improve long-term treatment adherence and clinical efficacy. More clinical research is warranted to establish the efficacy of exercise intervention in a more differentiated approach for Type 2 diabetes subpopulations within different stages of the disease and various levels of co-morbidity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19664296,

title = {Reduced Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Responses Following Trehalose Ingestion: Implications for Postprandial Substrate Use},

author = {Judith G P Can and T Herman Ijzerman and Luc J C Loon and Fred Brouns and Ellen E Blaak},

doi = {10.1017/S000711450999050X},

issn = {1475-2662},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-11-01},

journal = {The British journal of nutrition},

volume = {102},

number = {10},

pages = {1395–1399},

abstract = {The proposed impact of slowly digestible sources of dietary carbohydrate in reducing the risk of developing obesity and related metabolic disorders remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare the postprandial metabolic response to the ingestion of glucose v. trehalose. We hypothesised that the reduced digestion and absorption rate of trehalose is accompanied by an attenuated glycaemic and insulinaemic response, leading to a less inhibited postprandial fat oxidation rate. In a randomised, single-blind, cross-over study, ten overweight subjects ingested two carbohydrate drinks (75 g carbohydrate equivalents of trehalose or glucose) following an overnight fast (08.40 hours) and together with a standardised mixed meal (12.30 hours; 25 % total energy content was provided as either glucose or trehalose). Blood samples were collected before ingestion and every 30 min thereafter for a period of 3 h; substrate use was assessed by indirect calorimetry and expired breath samples were collected. Ingestion of carbohydrates with a mixed meal resulted in a lower peak glucose response and a lower change in area under the curve (DeltaAUC) following trehalose when compared with glucose. Differences in peak insulin response and DeltaAUC were observed with trehalose when compared with glucose during the morning and afternoon. These differences were accompanied with a reduced carbohydrate oxidation after trehalose when ingested as a drink, whilst no significant differences in fat oxidation between drink were observed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19671200,

title = {Reduced Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Responses Following Isomaltulose Ingestion: Implications for Postprandial Substrate Use},

author = {Judith G P Can and T Herman Ijzerman and Luc J C Loon and Fred Brouns and Ellen E Blaak},

doi = {10.1017/S0007114509990687},

issn = {1475-2662},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-11-01},

journal = {The British journal of nutrition},

volume = {102},

number = {10},

pages = {1408–1413},

abstract = {The impact of slow digestible sources of dietary carbohydrate in reducing the risk of developing obesity and related metabolic disorders is unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare the postprandial metabolic response to the ingestion of sucrose v. isomaltulose. We hypothesised that the reduced digestion and absorption rate of isomaltulose would result in lower glycaemic and insulinaemic responses when compared with the ingestion of sucrose, leading to greater postprandial fat oxidation rates. In a randomised, single-blind, cross-over study, ten overweight subjects ingested two different carbohydrate drinks (sucrose and isomaltulose, 75 g carbohydrate equivalents) following an overnight fast (08.40 hours) and with a standardised meal (12.30 hours, 25 % of total energy content was provided as either a sucrose or isomaltulose drink). Blood samples were taken before ingestion and every 30 min thereafter for a period of 3 h, substrate use was assessed by indirect calorimetry and breath samples were collected. Ingestion of carbohydrates with a mixed meal resulted in a lower peak glucose and insulin response and a lower change in area under the curve (DeltaAUC) following isomaltulose when compared with sucrose. Together with the lower glucose and insulin responses, postprandial fat oxidation rates were higher (14 %) with isomaltulose when compared with sucrose when ingested with a mixed meal (P = 0.02). The attenuated rise in glucose and insulin concentrations following isomaltulose results in reduced inhibition of postprandial fat oxidation. The metabolic response to isomaltulose co-ingestion suggests that this may represent an effective nutritional strategy to counteract overweight-induced metabolic disturbances.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19464390,

title = {The Impact of Sarcopenia and Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells},

author = {Tim Snijders and Lex B Verdijk and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.1016/j.arr.2009.05.003},

issn = {1872-9649},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-10-01},

journal = {Ageing research reviews},

volume = {8},

number = {4},

pages = {328–338},

abstract = {It has been well-established that the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, or sarcopenia, impairs skeletal muscle function and reduces functional performance at a more advanced age. Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SC), as precursors of new myonuclei, have been suggested to be involved in the development of sarcopenia. In accordance with the type II muscle fiber atrophy observed in the elderly, recent studies report a concomitant fiber type specific reduction in SC content. Resistance type exercise interventions have proven effective to augment skeletal muscle mass and improve muscle function in the elderly. In accordance, recent work shows that resistance type exercise training can augment type II muscle fiber size and reverse the age-related decline in SC content. The latter is supported by an increase in SC activation and proliferation factors that generally appear following exercise training. Present findings strongly suggest that the skeletal muscle SC control myogenesis and have an important, but yet unresolved, function in the loss of muscle mass with aging. This review discusses the contribution of skeletal muscle SC in the age-related loss of muscle mass and the efficacy of exercise training as a means to attenuate and/or reverse this process.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{vanloon2009,

title = {The Production of Intrinsically Labeled Milk Protein Provides a Functional Tool for Human Nutrition Research.},

author = {L. J. C. Loon and Yves Boirie and Annemie P. Gijsen and J. Fauquant and A. L. Roos and Arie K. Kies and S. Lemosquet and Wim H. M. Saris and René Koopman},

doi = {10.3168/jds.2009-2317},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-10-01},

journal = {Journal of Dairy Science},

volume = {92},

number = {10},

pages = {4812–4822},

abstract = {Oral or intravenous administration of labeled, free amino acids does not allow the direct assessment of protein digestion and absorption kinetics following dietary protein intake. Consequently, dietary protein sources with labeled amino acids incorporated within the protein are required. The aim of this study was to produce milk proteins intrinsically labeled with l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine that would allow the assessment of protein digestion and absorption kinetics and the subsequent muscle protein synthetic response to dietary protein intake in vivo in humans. Two Holstein cows (body weight of 726 +/- 38 kg) were continuously infused with l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine at 402 micromol/min for 44 to 48 h, during and after which plasma samples and milk were collected. After milk protein separation, casein was used in a subsequent human proof-of-principle experiment. Two healthy males (aged 61 +/- 1 yr; body mass index of 22.4 +/- 0.1 kg/m(2)) ingested 35 g of casein highly enriched with [1-(13)C] phenylalanine. Plasma samples were collected at regular intervals, and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected before and 6 h after casein ingestion. In the initial experiment, a total of 5.83 kg of l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-enriched milk protein (casein enrichment was 29.4 molar percent excess) was collected during stable isotope infusion in the cows. In the proof-of-principle study, ingestion of 35 g of intrinsically labeled casein resulted in peak plasma l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine enrichments within 90 min after protein ingestion (9.75 +/- 1.47 molar percent excess). Skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates calculated over the entire 6-h period averaged 0.058 +/- 0.012%/h. The production of intrinsically labeled milk protein is feasible and provides dietary protein that can be used to investigate protein digestion and absorption and the subsequent muscle protein synthetic response in vivo in humans.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19370339,

title = {Continuous Low- to Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training Is as Effective as Moderate- to High-Intensity Exercise Training at Lowering Blood HbA(1c) in Obese Type 2 Diabetes Patients},

author = {D Hansen and P Dendale and R A M Jonkers and M Beelen and R J F Manders and L Corluy and A Mullens and J Berger and R Meeusen and L J C Loon},

doi = {10.1007/s00125-009-1354-3},

issn = {1432-0428},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-09-01},

journal = {Diabetologia},

volume = {52},

number = {9},

pages = {1789–1797},

abstract = {AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Exercise represents an effective interventional strategy to improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes patients. However, the impact of exercise intensity on the benefits of exercise training remains to be established. In the present study, we compared the clinical benefits of 6 months of continuous low- to moderate-intensity exercise training with those of continuous moderate- to high-intensity exercise training, matched for energy expenditure, in obese type 2 diabetes patients.nnMETHODS: Fifty male obese type 2 diabetes patients (age 59 +/- 8 years, BMI 32 +/- 4 kg/m(2)) participated in a 6 month continuous endurance-type exercise training programme. All participants performed three supervised exercise sessions per week, either 55 min at 50% of whole body peak oxygen uptake (VO(2)peak (low to moderate intensity) or 40 min at 75% of VO(2)peak (moderate to high intensity). Oral glucose tolerance, blood glycated haemoglobin, lipid profile, body composition, maximal workload capacity, whole body and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and skeletal muscle fibre type composition were assessed before and after 2 and 6 months of intervention.nnRESULTS: The entire 6 month intervention programme was completed by 37 participants. Continuous endurance-type exercise training reduced blood glycated haemoglobin levels, LDL-cholesterol concentrations, body weight and leg fat mass, and increased VO(2)peak, lean muscle mass and skeletal muscle cytochrome c oxidase and citrate synthase activity (p ¡ 0.05). No differences were observed between the groups training at low to moderate or moderate to high intensity.nnCONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: When matched for energy cost, prolonged continuous low- to moderate-intensity endurance-type exercise training is equally effective as continuous moderate- to high-intensity training in lowering blood glycated haemoglobin and increasing whole body and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in obese type 2 diabetes patients.nnTRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN32206301nnFUNDING: None.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19602584,

title = {Intra-Arterial AICA-riboside Administration Induces NO-dependent Vasodilation in Vivo in Human Skeletal Muscle},

author = {Marlies Bosselaar and Hanneke Boon and Luc J C Loon and Petra H H Broek and Paul Smits and Cees J Tack},

doi = {10.1152/ajpendo.00141.2009},

issn = {1522-1555},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-09-01},

journal = {American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism},

volume = {297},

number = {3},

pages = {E759–E766},

abstract = {In animal models, administration of the adenosine analog AICA-riboside has shown beneficial effects on ischemia-reperfusion injury and glucose homeostasis. The vascular and/or metabolic effects of AICA-riboside administration in humans remain to be established. AICA-riboside was infused intra-arterially in four different dosages up to 8 mg x min(-1) x dl(-1) in 24 healthy subjects. Forearm blood flow (FBF) and glucose uptake and plasma glucose, free fatty acid, and AICA-riboside concentrations were assessed. We also combined AICA-riboside infusion (2 mg x min(-1) x dl(-1)) with the intra-arterial administration of the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine (90 microg x min(-1) x dl(-1); n = 6) and with the endothelial NO synthase inhibitor l-NMMA (0.4 mg x min(-1) x dl(-1); n = 6). Additional in vitro experiments were performed to explain our in vivo effects of AICA-riboside in humans. AICA-riboside increased FBF dose dependently from 2.0 +/- 0.2 to 13.2 +/- 1.9 ml x min(-1) x dl(-1) maximally (P ¡ 0.05 for all dosages). The latter was not reduced by caffeine administration but was significantly attenuated by l-NMMA infusion. Despite high plasma AICA-riboside concentrations, forearm glucose uptake did not change. In vitro experiments showed rapid uptake of AICA-riboside by the equilibrative nucleoside transporter in erythrocytes and subsequent phosphorylation to AICA-ribotide. We conclude that AICA-riboside induces a potent vasodilator response in humans that is mediated by NO. Despite high local plasma concentrations, AICA-riboside does not increase skeletal muscle glucose uptake.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19605567,

title = {Prevalence of Daily Hyperglycemia in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Men Compared with That in Lean and Obese Normoglycemic Men: Effect of Consumption of a Sucrose-Containing Beverage},

author = {Ralph J F Manders and Bart Pennings and Cindy P G Beckers and Tamara I Aipassa and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.3945/ajcn.2008.27072},

issn = {1938-3207},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-09-01},

journal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},

volume = {90},

number = {3},

pages = {511–518},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia forms a direct and independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular comorbidities in type 2 diabetes. Consumption of sucrose-sweetened soft drinks might further increase the prevalence of hyperglycemic episodes.nnOBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess glycemic control in type 2 diabetic subjects and healthy lean and obese control subjects under strict dietary standardization but otherwise free-living conditions, with and without the consumption of soft drinks.nnDESIGN: Obese type 2 diabetic men (n = 11) and lean (n = 10) and obese (n = 10) normoglycemic male control subjects participated in a randomized crossover study. The subjects were provided with a standardized diet in 2 periods, during which they consumed 250 mL water with or without (control) sucrose (37.5 g) 2 h after breakfast and lunch. Blood glucose concentrations were assessed by continuous glucose monitoring.nnRESULTS: In the type 2 diabetic subjects, the mean 24-h glucose concentrations were significantly elevated (9.1 +/- 0.6 mmol/L), and hyperglycemia (glucose ¿10 mmol/L) was evident over 33 +/- 8% (8 +/- 2 h) of a 24-h period (P ¡ 0.01). Hyperglycemia was rarely present in the normoglycemic lean and obese control subjects (5 +/- 2%/24 h for both). Consumption of 75 g sucrose, equivalent to 2 cans of a soft drink, did not further augment the prevalence of hyperglycemia throughout the day in any group.nnCONCLUSIONS: Type 2 diabetic subjects taking oral blood glucose-lowering medication experience hyperglycemia during most of the daytime. Moderate consumption of sucrose-sweetened beverages does not further increase the prevalence of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic subjects or in normoglycemic lean or obese men.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19625697,

title = {Dietary Protein Digestion and Absorption Rates and the Subsequent Postprandial Muscle Protein Synthetic Response Do Not Differ between Young and Elderly Men},

author = {René Koopman and Stéphane Walrand and Milou Beelen and Annemie P Gijsen and Arie K Kies and Yves Boirie and Wim H M Saris and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.3945/jn.109.109173},

issn = {1541-6100},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-09-01},

journal = {The Journal of nutrition},

volume = {139},

number = {9},

pages = {1707–1713},

abstract = {Impaired digestion and/or absorption of dietary protein lowers postprandial plasma amino acid availability and, as such, could reduce the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response in the elderly. We aimed to compare in vivo dietary protein digestion and absorption and the subsequent postprandial muscle protein synthetic response between young and elderly men. Ten elderly (64 +/- 1 y) and 10 young (23 +/- 1 y) healthy males consumed a single bolus of 35 g specifically produced, intrinsically l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-labeled micellar casein (CAS) protein. Furthermore, primed continuous infusions with l-[ring-(2)H(5)]phenylalanine, l-[1-(13)C]leucine, and l-[ring-(2)H(2)]tyrosine were applied and blood and muscle tissue samples were collected to assess the appearance rate of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine in the circulation and the subsequent muscle protein fractional synthetic rate over a 6-h postprandial period. Protein ingestion resulted in a rapid increase in exogenous phenylalanine appearance in both the young and elderly men. Total exogenous phenylalanine appearance rates (expressed as area under the curve) were 39 +/- 3 mumol.6 h.kg(-1) in the young men and 38 +/- 2 mumol.6 h.kg(-1) in the elderly men (P = 0.73). In accordance, splanchnic amino acid extraction did not differ between young (72 +/- 2%) and elderly (73 +/- 1%) volunteers (P = 0.74). Muscle protein synthesis rates, calculated from the oral tracer, were 0.063 +/- 0.006 and 0.054 +/- 0.004%/h in the young and elderly men, respectively, and did not differ between groups (P = 0.27). We conclude that protein digestion and absorption kinetics and the subsequent muscle protein synthetic response following the ingestion of a large bolus of intact CAS are not substantially impaired in healthy, elderly men.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{miloubeelen2009,

title = {Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing in the Fed State: Lack of Enhancement of Time-Trial Performance.},

author = {Milou Beelen and Jort Berghuis and Ben Bonaparte and Sam B. Ballak and Asker E. Jeukendrup and Luc J. C. Loon},

doi = {10.1123/ijsnem.19.4.400},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-08-01},

journal = {International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism},

volume = {19},

number = {4},

pages = {400–409},

abstract = {It has been reported previously that mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate-containing solution can improve cycling performance. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the impact of such a carbohydrate mouth rinse on exercise performance during a simulated time trial in a more practical, postprandial setting. Fourteen male endurance-trained athletes were selected to perform 2 exercise tests in the morning after consuming a standardized breakfast. They performed an textasciitilde1-hr time trial on a cycle ergometer while rinsing their mouths with either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution (CHO) or water (PLA) after every 12.5% of the set amount of work. Borgdbends rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed after every 25% of the set amount of work, and power output and heart rate were recorded continuously throughout the test. Performance time did not differ between treatments and averaged 68.14 ± 1.14 and 67.52 ± 1.00 min in CHO and PLA, respectively (p = .57). In accordance, average power output (265 ± 5 vs. 266 ± 5 W},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19474134,

title = {Ingestion of a Protein Hydrolysate Is Accompanied by an Accelerated in Vivo Digestion and Absorption Rate When Compared with Its Intact Protein},

author = {René Koopman and Nico Crombach and Annemie P Gijsen and Stéphane Walrand and Jacques Fauquant and Arie K Kies and Sophie Lemosquet and Wim H M Saris and Yves Boirie and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.3945/ajcn.2009.27474},

issn = {1938-3207},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-07-01},

journal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},

volume = {90},

number = {1},

pages = {106–115},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that a protein hydrolysate, as opposed to its intact protein, is more easily digested and absorbed from the gut, which results in greater plasma amino acid availability and a greater muscle protein synthetic response.nnOBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare dietary protein digestion and absorption kinetics and the subsequent muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of a single bolus of protein hydrolysate compared with its intact protein in vivo in humans.nnDESIGN: Ten elderly men (mean +/- SEM age: 64 +/- 1 y) were randomly assigned to a crossover experiment that involved 2 treatments in which the subjects consumed a 35-g bolus of specifically produced L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-labeled intact casein (CAS) or hydrolyzed casein (CASH). Blood and muscle-tissue samples were collected to assess the appearance rate of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine in the circulation and subsequent muscle protein fractional synthetic rate over a 6-h postprandial period.nnRESULTS: The mean (+/-SEM) exogenous phenylalanine appearance rate was 27 +/- 6% higher after ingestion of CASH than after ingestion of CAS (P ¡ 0.001). Splanchnic extraction was significantly lower in CASH compared with CAS treatment (P ¡ 0.01). Plasma amino acid concentrations increased to a greater extent (25-50%) after the ingestion of CASH than after the ingestion of CAS (P ¡ 0.01). Muscle protein synthesis rates averaged 0.054 +/- 0.004% and 0.068 +/- 0.006%/h in the CAS and CASH treatments, respectively (P = 0.10).nnCONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of a protein hydrolysate, as opposed to its intact protein, accelerates protein digestion and absorption from the gut, augments postprandial amino acid availability, and tends to increase the incorporation rate of dietary amino acids into skeletal muscle protein.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{renekoopman2009,

title = {Aging, Exercise, and Muscle Protein Metabolism},

author = {René Koopman and René Koopman and Luc J. C. Loon and Luc J. C. Loon},

doi = {10.1152/japplphysiol.91551.2008},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-06-01},

journal = {Journal of Applied Physiology},

volume = {106},

number = {6},

pages = {2040–2048},

abstract = {Aging is accompanied by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, leading to the loss of functional capacity and an increased risk of developing chronic metabolic disease. The age-re...},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19321567,

title = {Long-Term Leucine Supplementation Does Not Increase Muscle Mass or Strength in Healthy Elderly Men},

author = {Suzanne Verhoeven and Kristof Vanschoonbeek and Lex B Verdijk and René Koopman and Will K W H Wodzig and Paul Dendale and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.3945/ajcn.2008.26668},

issn = {1938-3207},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-05-01},

journal = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},

volume = {89},

number = {5},

pages = {1468–1475},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: It has been reported that the blunted muscle protein synthetic response to food intake in the elderly can be normalized by increasing the leucine content of a meal.nnOBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the effect of 3 mo of leucine supplementation on muscle mass and strength in healthy elderly men.nnDESIGN: Thirty healthy elderly men with a mean (+/-SEM) age of 71 +/- 4 y and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) of 26.1 +/- 0.5 were randomly assigned to either a placebo-supplemented (n = 15) or leucine-supplemented (n = 15) group. Leucine or placebo (2.5 g) was administered with each main meal during a 3-mo intervention period. Whole-body insulin sensitivity, muscle strength (one-repetition maximum), muscle mass (measured by computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), myosin heavy chain isoform distribution, and plasma amino acid and lipid profiles were assessed before, during, and/or after the intervention period.nnRESULTS: No changes in skeletal muscle mass or strength were observed over time in either the leucine- or placebo-supplemented group. No improvements in indexes of whole-body insulin sensitivity (oral glucose insulin sensitivity index and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), blood glycated hemoglobin content, or the plasma lipid profile were observed.nnCONCLUSION: Long-term leucine supplementation (7.5 g/d) does not augment skeletal muscle mass or strength and does not improve glycemic control or the blood lipid profile in healthy elderly men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00807508.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19321592,

title = {Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1-Inhibiting Flavonoids Attenuate Cytokine Release in Blood from Male Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or Type 2 Diabetes},

author = {Antje R Weseler and Liesbeth Geraets and Harald J J Moonen and Ralph J F Manders and Luc J C Loon and Herman-Jan Pennings and Emiel F M Wouters and Aalt Bast and Geja J Hageman},

doi = {10.3945/jn.108.102756},

issn = {1541-6100},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-05-01},

journal = {The Journal of nutrition},

volume = {139},

number = {5},

pages = {952–957},

abstract = {Recently, we identified several flavonoids as inhibitors of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 in vitro and in vivo. PARP-1 is recognized as coactivator of nuclear factor-kappaB and plays a role in the pathophysiology of diseases with low-grade systemic inflammation, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, we assessed the antiinflammatory effects of flavonoids with varying PARP-1-inhibiting effects in whole blood from male patients with COPD or T2D and healthy men. A total of 10 COPD, 10 T2D patients, and 10 healthy volunteers matched for age and BMI were recruited. Blood from each participant was exposed to 1 microg/L lipopolysaccharide (LPS) over 16 h with or without preincubation with 10 micromol/L of flavone, fisetin, morin, or tricetin. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, -8, and -10 were measured in the supernatant. Preincubation with fisetin and tricetin strongly attenuated LPS-induced increases in concentrations of TNFalpha in blood from COPD patients [mean (+/- SEM): -41 +/- 4% (fisetin) and -31 +/- 4% (tricetin); P ¡ 0.001] and IL-6 in blood from T2D patients [-31 +/- 5% (fisetin) and -29 +/- 6% (tricetin); P ¡ or = 0.001]. Moreover, LPS-induced changes in TNFalpha and IL-6 concentrations were positively correlated with the extent of reduction by fisetin and tricetin. The PARP-1-inhibiting flavonoids fisetin and tricetin were able to attenuate LPS-induced cytokine release from leukocytes of patients with chronic systemic inflammation, indicating a potential application as nutraceutical agents for these patient groups.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{lexb.verdijk2009,

title = {Protein Supplementation before and after Exercise Does Not Further Augment Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy after Resistance Training in Elderly Men},

author = {Lex B. Verdijk and Lex B. Verdijk and Richard A. M. Jonkers and Richard A. M. Jonkers and Benjamin G. Gleeson and Benjamin G. Gleeson and Milou Beelen and Milou Beelen and Kenneth Meijer and Kenneth Meijer and Hans Savelberg and Hans H. C. M. Savelberg and Will K. W. H. Wodzig and Will K. W. H. Wodzig and Paul Dendale and Paul Dendale and Paul Dendale and Luc J. C. Loon and Luc J. C. Loon},

doi = {10.3945/ajcn.2008.26626},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-02-01},

journal = {The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition},

volume = {89},

number = {2},

pages = {608–616},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: Considerable discrepancy exists in the literature on the proposed benefits of protein supplementation on the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the benefits of timed protein supplementation on the increase in muscle mass and strength during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy elderly men who habitually consume adequate amounts of dietary protein. DESIGN: Healthy elderly men (n = 26) aged 72 ± 2 y were randomly assigned to a progressive, 12-wk resistance-type exercise training program with (protein group) or without (placebo group) protein provided before and immediately after each exercise session (3 sessions/wk, 20 g protein/session). One-repetition maximum (1RM) tests were performed regularly to ensure a progressive workload during the intervention. Muscle hypertrophy was assessed at the whole-body (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), limb (computed tomography), and muscle fiber (biopsy) level. RESULTS: The 1RM strength increased [almost equal to]25-35% in both groups (P $<$ 0.001). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography scans showed similar increases in leg muscle mass (6 ± 1% in both groups; P $<$ 0.001) and in the quadriceps (9 ± 1% in both groups), from 75.9 ± 3.7 and 73.8 ± 3.2 to 82.4 ± 3.9 and 80.0 ± 3.0 cm$^2$ in the placebo and protein groups, respectively (P $<$ 0.001). Muscle fiber hypertrophy was greater in type II (placebo: 28 ± 6%; protein: 29 ± 4%) than in type I (placebo: 5 ± 4%; protein: 13 ± 6%) fibers, but the difference between groups was not significant. CONCLUSION: Timed protein supplementation immediately before and after exercise does not further augment the increase in skeletal muscle mass and strength after prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy elderly men who habitually consume adequate amounts of dietary protein. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00744094.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19448045,

title = {Slowly Digestible Carbohydrate Sources Can Be Used to Attenuate the Postprandial Glycemic Response to the Ingestion of Diabetes-Specific Enteral Formulas},

author = {K Vanschoonbeek and M Lansink and K M J Laere and J M G Senden and L B Verdijk and L J C Loon},

doi = {10.1177/0145721709335466},

issn = {0145-7217},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {The Diabetes educator},

volume = {35},

number = {4},

pages = {631–640},

abstract = {PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare the glycemic and insulinemic responses following the ingestion of recently developed diabetes-specific enteral formulas versus a standard and a high-fat formula.nnMETHODS: Fifteen type 2 diabetes patients were selected to participate in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Two enteral formulas (47 energy percent [En%] carbohydrate, 34En% fat, and 4 g fiber/200 mL) were defined with either isomaltulose (formula 1) or sucromalt (formula 2) as the main carbohydrate source. For comparison, an isoenergetic diabetes-specific, high-fat (33En% carbohydrate, 50En% fat, 2.9 g fiber/200 mL) and a standard formula (55En% carbohydrate, 30En% fat, 2.8 g fiber/200 mL) were tested.nnRESULTS: Ingestion of formulas 1 and 2 and the high-fat formula resulted in an attenuated blood glucose response when compared with the standard formula (P ¡ .05). In accordance, peak plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower when compared with the standard formula (189 +/- 3.6 mg/dL [10.5 +/- 0.2 mmol/L], 196.2 +/- 3.6 mg/dL [10.9 +/- 0.2 mmol/L], 187.2 +/- 3.6 mg/dL [10.4 +/- 0.2 mmol/L], and 237.6 +/- 3.6 mg/dL [13.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/L], respectively). Plasma insulin responses were lower after consumption of the newly developed and high-fat formulas. Ingestion of the high-fat formula resulted in a greater postprandial triglyceride response (P ¡ .05).nnCONCLUSIONS: Diabetes-specific enteral formulas rich in slowly digestible carbohydrate sources can be equally effective in attenuating the postprandial blood glucose response as low-carbohydrate, high-fat enteral formulas without elevating the plasma triglyceride response.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{jaspers2009,

title = {Protein Hydrolysate Co-Ingestion Does Not Modulate 24 h Glycemic Control in Long-Standing Type 2 Diabetes Patients},

author = {Richard T. Jaspers and Ralph Manders and Ralph J. F. Manders and Stephan Praet and Stephan F. E. Praet and Max Vikström and M H Vikström and Wim H. M. Saris and W. H. M. Saris and Wim H. M. Saris and W. H. M. Saris and W. H. M. Saris and Luc J. C. Loon and Luc J. C. Loon and L. J. C. Loon},

doi = {10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602891},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Clinical Nutrition},

volume = {63},

number = {1},

pages = {121–126},

abstract = {Protein hydrolysate co-ingestion does not modulate 24h glycemic control in long-standing type 2 diabetes patients},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{lexb.verdijk2009a,

title = {Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy Following Resistance Training Is Accompanied by a Fiber Type–Specific Increase in Satellite Cell Content in Elderly Men},

author = {Lex B. Verdijk and Benjamin G. Gleeson and Richard A. M. Jonkers and Kenneth Meijer and Hans Savelberg and Paul Dendale and Luc J. C. Loon},

doi = {10.1093/gerona/gln050},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journals of Gerontology Series A-biological Sciences and Medical Sciences},

volume = {64},

number = {3},

pages = {332–339},

abstract = {We determined muscle fiber type–specific hypertrophy and changes in satellite cell (SC) content following a 12-week resistance training program in 13 healthy, elderly men (72 ± 2 years). Leg strength and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography) were assessed, and muscle biopsy samples were collected. Leg strength increased 25%–30% after training (p $<$ .001). Leg lean mass and quadriceps cross-sectional area increased 6%–9% (p $<$ .001). At baseline, mean fiber area and SC content were smaller in the Type II versus Type I muscle fibers (p $<$ .01). Following training, Type II muscle fiber area increased from 5,438 ± 319 to 6,982 ± 503 μm2 (p $<$ .01). Type II muscle fiber SC content increased from 0.048 ± 0.003 to 0.084 ± 0.008 SCs per fiber (p $<$ .001). No changes were observed in the Type I muscle fibers. In older adults, skeletal muscle tissue is still capable of inducing SC proliferation and differentiation, resulting in Type II muscle fiber hypertrophy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19031334,

title = {One-Repetition Maximum Strength Test Represents a Valid Means to Assess Leg Strength in Vivo in Humans},

author = {Lex B Verdijk and Luc Loon and Kenneth Meijer and Hans H C M Savelberg},

doi = {10.1080/02640410802428089},

issn = {0264-0414},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Journal of sports sciences},

volume = {27},

number = {1},

pages = {59–68},

abstract = {Skeletal muscle strength is often determined to evaluate the adaptive response to an exercise intervention programme. Although dynamometry is considered the "gold standard" for the assessment of muscle strength in vivo, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) testing performed on training-specific equipment is more commonly applied. We assessed the validity of specific knee extension 1-RM testing by comparison with dynamometry in a heterogeneous population (n=55). All participants performed 1-RM tests on regular leg extension and leg press machines. Additionally, isometric (at seven different knee angles) and isokinetic (at four different velocities) knee extension peak torques were determined. Pearson's r was calculated for the relationship between 1-RM data and peak torques for the entire population and for subgroups defined by age and gender. One-repetition maximum strength correlated strongly with the dynamometer results. One-repetition maximum leg extension correlated more strongly with peak torques than did 1-RM leg press (0.78¡or=r¡or=0.88 vs. 0.72¡or=r¡or=0.77; P¡0.001). Similar correlations were observed in all subgroups. We conclude that 1-RM testing represents a valid means to assess leg muscle strength in vivo in young and elderly men and women. Considering the importance of training specificity in strength assessment, we argue that 1-RM testing can be applied to assess changes in leg muscle strength following an exercise intervention.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid19092695,

title = {Resistance Exercise Increases Postprandial Muscle Protein Synthesis in Humans},

author = {Oliver C Witard and Michael Tieland and Milou Beelen and Kevin D Tipton and Luc J C Loon and René Koopman},

doi = {10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181844e79},

issn = {1530-0315},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise},

volume = {41},

number = {1},

pages = {144–154},

abstract = {PURPOSE: We examined the impact of an acute bout of resistance-type exercise on mixed muscle protein synthesis in the fed state.nnMETHODS: After a standardized breakfast, 10 untrained males completed a single, unilateral lower-limb resistance-type exercise session. A primed, continuous infusion of l-[ring-C6]phenylalanine was combined with muscle biopsy collection from both the exercised (Ex) and the nonexercised (NEx) leg to assess the impact of local muscle contractions on muscle protein synthesis rates after food intake. Western blotting with phosphospecific and pan antibodies was used to determine the phosphorylation status of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), 4E-binding protein (4E-BP1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1).nnRESULTS: Muscle protein synthesis rates were approximately 20% higher in Ex compared with NEx (0.098% +/- 0.005% vs 0.083% +/- 0.002%.h, respectively, P ¡ 0.01). In the fed state, resistance-type exercise did not elevate AMPK phosphorylation. However, the phosphorylation status of 4E-BP1 was approximately 20% lower after cessation of exercise in Ex compared with NEx (P ¡ 0.05). Conversely, 4E-BP1 phosphorylation was significantly higher in Ex compared with NEx after 6 h of recovery (P ¡ 0.05) with no changes in mTOR phosphorylation. S6 phosphorylation was greater in Ex versus NEx after cessation of exercise (P ¡ 0.05), although S6K1 phosphorylation at T was not up-regulated (P ¿ 0.05).nnCONCLUSION: We conclude that resistance-type exercise performed in a fed state further elevates postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates, which is accompanied by an increase in S6 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation state.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{miloubeelen2008,

title = {Coingestion of Carbohydrate and Protein Hydrolysate Stimulates Muscle Protein Synthesis during Exercise in Young Men, with No Further Increase during Subsequent Overnight Recovery},

author = {Milou Beelen and Michael Tieland and Annemie P. Gijsen and Hanne Vandereyt and Arie K. Kies and H. Kuipers and Wim H. M. Saris and René Koopman and Luc J. C. Loon},

doi = {10.3945/jn.108.092924},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-11-01},

journal = {Journal of Nutrition},

volume = {138},

number = {11},

pages = {2198–2204},

abstract = {We investigated the effect of carbohydrate and protein hydrolysate ingestion on whole-body and muscle protein synthesis during a combined endurance and resistance exercise session and subsequent overnight recovery. Twenty healthy men were studied in the evening after consuming a standardized diet throughout the day. Subjects participated in a 2-h exercise session during which beverages containing both carbohydrate (0.15 g.kg -1 .h -1 ) and a protein hydrolysate (0.15 g.kg -1 .h -1 ) (C+P},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18344386,

title = {Four Weeks' Corticosteroid Inhalation Does Not Augment Maximal Power Output in Endurance Athletes},

author = {H Kuipers and G A C Van't Hullenaar and B M Pluim and S E Overbeek and O De Hon and E J Van Breda and L C Van Loon},

doi = {10.1136/bjsm.2007.042572},

issn = {1473-0480},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-11-01},

journal = {British journal of sports medicine},

volume = {42},

number = {11},

pages = {868–871},

abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess possible ergogenic properties of corticosteroid administration.nnDESIGN: A balanced, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was used.nnPARTICIPANTS: 28 well-trained cyclists and rowers.nnINTERVENTION: 4 weeks' daily inhalation of 800 microg budesonide or placebo.nnMAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The subjects performed three incremental cycle ergometer tests until exhaustion, before and after 2 and 4 weeks of placebo or budesonide administration, to measure maximal power output (W(max)). Once a week they filled in a profile of mood state (POMS) questionnaire.nnRESULTS: There was no significant difference in W(max) between the placebo (376 (SD 25) W) and the corticosteroid group (375 (36) W) during the preintervention test, and there were no significant changes in either group after 2 and 4 weeks of intervention. No effect of the intervention on mood state was found.nnCONCLUSION: 4 weeks of corticosteroid or placebo inhalation in healthy, well-trained athletes did not affect maximal power output or mood state. Hence no ergogenic properties of 4 weeks' corticosteroid administration could be demonstrated, which corroborates previous studies of short-term corticosteroid administration.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18709353,

title = {Intravenous AICAR Administration Reduces Hepatic Glucose Output and Inhibits Whole Body Lipolysis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients},

author = {H Boon and M Bosselaar and S F E Praet and E E Blaak and W H M Saris and A J M Wagenmakers and S L McGee and C J Tack and P Smits and M Hargreaves and L J C Loon},

doi = {10.1007/s00125-008-1108-7},

issn = {0012-186X},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-10-01},

journal = {Diabetologia},

volume = {51},

number = {10},

pages = {1893–1900},

abstract = {AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway is intact in type 2 diabetic patients and is seen as a target for diabetes treatment. In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) on both glucose and fatty acid metabolism in vivo in type 2 diabetic patients.nnMETHODS: Stable isotope methodology and blood and muscle biopsy sampling were applied to assess blood glucose and fatty acid kinetics following continuous i.v. infusion of AICAR (0.75 mg kg(-1) min(-1)) and/or NaCl (0.9%) in ten male type 2 diabetic patients (age 64 +/- 2 years; BMI 28 +/- 1 kg/m(2)).nnRESULTS: Plasma glucose rate of appearance (R (a)) was reduced following AICAR administration, while plasma glucose rate of disappearance (R (d)) was similar in the AICAR and control test. Consequently, blood glucose disposal (R (d) expressed as a percentage of R (a)) was increased following AICAR infusion (p ¡ 0.001). Accordingly, a greater decline in plasma glucose concentration was observed following AICAR infusion (p ¡ 0.001). Plasma NEFA R (a) and R (d) were both significantly reduced in response to AICAR infusion, and were accompanied by a significant decline in plasma NEFA concentration. Although AMPK phosphorylation in skeletal muscle was not increased, we observed a significant increase in acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation (p ¡ 0.001).nnCONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The i.v. administration of AICAR reduces hepatic glucose output, thereby lowering blood glucose concentrations in vivo in type 2 diabetic patients. Furthermore, AICAR administration stimulates hepatic fatty acid oxidation and/or inhibits whole body lipolysis, thereby reducing plasma NEFA concentration.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18430966,

title = {Protein Coingestion Stimulates Muscle Protein Synthesis during Resistance-Type Exercise},

author = {Milou Beelen and René Koopman and Annemie P Gijsen and Hanne Vandereyt and Arie K Kies and Harm Kuipers and Wim H M Saris and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.1152/ajpendo.00774.2007},

issn = {0193-1849},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-07-01},

journal = {American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism},

volume = {295},

number = {1},

pages = {E70–E77},

abstract = {In contrast to the effect of nutritional intervention on postexercise muscle protein synthesis, little is known about the potential to modulate protein synthesis during exercise. This study investigates the effect of protein coingestion with carbohydrate on muscle protein synthesis during resistance-type exercise. Ten healthy males were studied in the evening after they consumed a standardized diet throughout the day. Subjects participated in two experiments in which they ingested either carbohydrate or carbohydrate with protein during a 2-h resistance exercise session. Subjects received a bolus of test drink before and every 15 min during exercise, providing 0.15 g x kg(-1) x h(-1) carbohydrate with (CHO + PRO) or without (CHO) 0.15 g x kg(-1) x h(-1) protein hydrolysate. Continuous intravenous infusions with l-[ring-(13)C(6)]phenylalanine and l-[ring-(2)H(2)]tyrosine were applied, and blood and muscle biopsies were collected to assess whole body and muscle protein synthesis rates during exercise. Protein coingestion lowered whole body protein breakdown rates by 8.4 +/- 3.6% (P = 0.066), compared with the ingestion of carbohydrate only, and augmented protein oxidation and synthesis rates by 77 +/- 17 and 33 +/- 3%, respectively (P ¡ 0.01). As a consequence, whole body net protein balance was negative in CHO, whereas a positive net balance was achieved after the CHO + PRO treatment (-4.4 +/- 0.3 vs. 16.3 +/- 0.4 micromol phenylalanine x kg(-1) x h(-1), respectively; P ¡ 0.01). In accordance, mixed muscle protein fractional synthetic rate was 49 +/- 22% higher after protein coingestion (0.088 +/- 0.012 and 0.060 +/- 0.004%/h in CHO + PRO vs. CHO treatment, respectively; P ¡ 0.05). We conclude that, even in a fed state, protein coingestion stimulates whole body and muscle protein synthesis rates during resistance-type exercise.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{jaspers2008,

title = {The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Carbohydrate and Protein Ingestion Is Not Impaired in Men with Longstanding Type 2 Diabetes},

author = {Richard T. Jaspers and Ralph J. F. Manders and René Koopman and Milou Beelen and Annemie P. Gijsen and Will K. W. H. Wodzig and Wim H. M. Saris and Luc J. C. Loon},

doi = {10.1093/jn/138.6.1079},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-06-01},

journal = {Journal of Nutrition},

volume = {138},

number = {6},

pages = {1079–1085},

abstract = {Protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis and improves net muscle protein balance. Insulin resistance has been suggested to result in a reduced muscle protein synthetic response to food intake. As such, we hypothesized that type 2 diabetes patients have a impaired muscle protein synthetic response to food ingestion. To test this hypothesis, 10 male type 2 diabetes patients using their normal oral glucose-lowering medication (68 +/- 2 y) and 10 matched, normoglycemic men (65 +/- 2 y) were randomly assigned to 2 crossover treatments in which whole body and muscle protein synthesis were measured following the consumption of either carbohydrate (CHO) or carbohydrate with a protein hydrolysate (CHO+PRO). Primed, continuous infusions with L-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine and L-[ring-2H2]tyrosine were applied and blood and muscle samples were collected to assess whole-body protein balance and mixed muscle protein fractional synthetic rate over a 6-h period. Whole-body phenylalanine and tyrosine flux were higher after the CHO+PRO treatment compared with the CHO treatment in the diabetes and control group (P $<$ 0.01). Protein balance was negative following CHO but positive following CHO+PRO treatment in both groups. Muscle protein synthesis rates were higher in both groups following the CHO+PRO (0.086 +/- 0.014%/h) treatment than in the CHO treatment (0.040 +/- 0.003%/h; P $<$ 0.01) with no difference between the diabetes patients and normoglycemic controls. We conclude that the muscle protein synthetic response to CHO or CHO+PRO ingestion is not substantially impaired in longstanding, type 2 diabetes patients treated with oral blood glucose-lowering medication.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18297259,

title = {Brisk Walking Compared with an Individualised Medical Fitness Programme for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial},

author = {S F E Praet and E S J Rooij and A Wijtvliet and L J M Boonman-de Winter and Th Enneking and H Kuipers and C D A Stehouwer and L J C Loon},

doi = {10.1007/s00125-008-0950-y},

issn = {0012-186X},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-05-01},

journal = {Diabetologia},

volume = {51},

number = {5},

pages = {736–746},

abstract = {AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Structured exercise is considered a cornerstone in type 2 diabetes treatment. However, adherence to combined resistance and endurance type exercise or medical fitness intervention programmes is generally poor. Group-based brisk walking may represent an attractive alternative, but its long-term efficacy as compared with an individualised approach such as medical fitness intervention programmes is unknown. We compared the clinical benefits of a 12-month exercise intervention programme consisting of either brisk walking or a medical fitness programme in type 2 diabetes patients.nnMETHODS: We randomised 92 type 2 diabetes patients (60 +/- 9 years old) to either three times a week of 60 min brisk walking (n = 49) or medical fitness programme (n = 43). Primary outcome was the difference in changes in HbA1c values at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were differences in changes in blood pressure, plasma lipid concentrations, insulin sensitivity, body composition, physical fitness, programme adherence rate and health-related quality of life.nnRESULTS: After 12 months, 18 brisk walking and 19 medical fitness participants were still actively participating. In both programmes, 50 and 25% of the dropout was attributed to overuse injuries and lack of motivation, respectively. Intention-to-treat analyses showed no important differences between brisk walking and medical fitness programme in primary or secondary outcome variables.nnCONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The prescription of group-based brisk walking represents an equally effective intervention to modulate glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk profile in type 2 diabetes patients when compared with more individualised medical fitness programmes. Future exercise intervention programmes should anticipate the high attrition rate due to overuse injuries and motivation problems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18426822,

title = {Early or Advanced Stage Type 2 Diabetes Is Not Accompanied by in Vivo Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Dysfunction},

author = {H M De Feyter and N M A Broek and S F E Praet and K Nicolay and L J C Loon and J J Prompers},

doi = {10.1530/EJE-07-0756},

issn = {1479-683X},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-05-01},

journal = {European journal of endocrinology},

volume = {158},

number = {5},

pages = {643–653},

abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Several lines of evidence support a potential role of skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and/or type 2 diabetes. However, it remains to be established whether mitochondrial dysfunction represents either cause or consequence of the disease. We examined in vivo skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in early and advanced stages of type 2 diabetes, with the aim to gain insight in the proposed role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the aetiology of insulin resistance and/or type 2 diabetes.nnMETHODS: Ten long-standing, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients, 11 subjects with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and/or recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes, and 12 healthy, normoglycaemic controls, matched for age and body composition and with low habitual physical activity levels were studied. In vivo mitochondrial function of the vastus lateralis muscle was evaluated from post-exercise phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery kinetics using (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content was assessed in the same muscle using single-voxel (1)H MRS.nnRESULTS: IMCL content tended to be higher in the type 2 diabetes patients when compared with normoglycaemic controls (P=0.06). The(31)P MRS parameters for mitochondrial function, i.e. PCr and ADP recovery time constants and maximum aerobic capacity, did not differ between groups.nnCONCLUSIONS: The finding that in vivo skeletal muscle oxidative capacity does not differ between long-standing, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients, subjects with early stage type 2 diabetes and sedentary, normoglycaemic controls suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction does not necessarily represent either cause or consequence of insulin resistance and/or type 2 diabetes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid17697406,

title = {Co-Ingestion of Leucine with Protein Does Not Further Augment Post-Exercise Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Elderly Men},

author = {René Koopman and Lex B Verdijk and Milou Beelen and Marchel Gorselink and Arie Nieuwenhuijzen Kruseman and Anton J M Wagenmakers and Harm Kuipers and Luc J C Loon},

doi = {10.1017/S0007114507812013},

issn = {0007-1145},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-03-01},

journal = {The British journal of nutrition},

volume = {99},

number = {3},

pages = {571–580},

abstract = {Leucine has been suggested to have the potential to modulate muscle protein metabolism by increasing muscle protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the surplus value of the co-ingestion of free leucine with protein hydrolysate and carbohydrate following physical activity in elderly men. Eight elderly men (mean age 73 +/- 1 years) were randomly assigned to two cross-over treatments consuming either carbohydrate and protein hydrolysate (CHO+PRO) or carbohydrate, protein hydrolysate with additional leucine (CHO+PRO+leu) after performing 30 min of standardized physical activity. Primed, continuous infusions with L-[ring-(13)C(6)]phenylalanine and L-[ring-(2)H(2)]tyrosine were applied, and blood and muscle samples were collected to assess whole-body protein turnover as well as protein fractional synthetic rate in the vastus lateralis muscle over a 6 h period. Whole-body protein breakdown and synthesis rates were not different between treatments. Phenylalanine oxidation rates were significantly lower in the CHO+PRO+leu v. CHO+PRO treatment. As a result, whole-body protein balance was significantly greater in the CHO+PRO+leu compared to the CHO+PRO treatment (23.8 (SEM 0.3) v. 23.2 (SEM 0.3) micromol/kg per h, respectively; P ¡ 0.05). Mixed muscle fractional synthetic rate averaged 0.081 (SEM 0.003) and 0.082 (SEM 0.006) %/h in the CHO+PRO+leu and CHO+PRO treatment, respectively (NS). Co-ingestion of leucine with carbohydrate and protein following physical activity does not further elevate muscle protein fractional synthetic rate in elderly men when ample protein is ingested.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18089694,

title = {Calpain-10 Gene and Protein Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle: Effect of Acute Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes},

author = {L Norton and T Parr and K Chokkalingam and R G Bardsley and H Ye and G I Bell and M M A L Pelsers and L J C Loon and K Tsintzas},

doi = {10.1210/jc.2007-1981},

issn = {0021-972X},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-03-01},

journal = {The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism},

volume = {93},

number = {3},

pages = {992–998},

abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the effect of lipid-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes on skeletal muscle calpain-10 mRNA and protein levels.nnRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In the first part of this study, 10 healthy subjects underwent hyperinsulinemic euglycemic (4.5 mmol/liter) clamps for 6 h with iv infusion of either saline or a 20% Intralipid emulsion (Fresenius Kabi AG, Bad Homburg, Germany). Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken before and after 3- and 6-h insulin infusion and analyzed for calpain-10 mRNA and protein expression. In the second part of the study, muscle samples obtained after an overnight fast in 10 long-standing, sedentary type 2 diabetes patients, 10 sedentary, weight-matched, normoglycemic controls, and 10 age-matched, endurance-trained cyclists were analyzed for calpain-10 mRNA and protein content.nnRESULTS: Intralipid infusion in healthy subjects reduced whole body glucose disposal by approximately 50% (P¡0.001). Calpain-10 mRNA (P=0.01) but not protein content was reduced after 6-h insulin infusion in both the saline and Intralipid emulsion trials. Skeletal muscle calpain-10 mRNA and protein content did not differ between the type 2 diabetes patients and normoglycemic controls, but there was a strong trend for total calpain-10 protein to be greater in the endurance-trained athletes (P=0.06).nnCONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that skeletal muscle calpain-10 expression is not modified by insulin resistance per se and suggest that hyperinsulinemia and exercise training may modulate human skeletal muscle calpain-10 expression.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18183362,

title = {Exercise: The Brittle Cornerstone of Type 2 Diabetes Treatment},

author = {S F E Praet and L J C Loon},

doi = {10.1007/s00125-007-0910-y},

issn = {0012-186X},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-03-01},

journal = {Diabetologia},

volume = {51},

number = {3},

pages = {398–401},

abstract = {Regular exercise has been recommended for diabetes patients for many years; however, it is not widely used clinically. This may be because of high costs, lack of reimbursement, low compliance and/or absence of proper infrastructure. Alternatively, structured exercise therapy may be underutilised because current guidelines do not include detailed information on the preferred type and intensity of exercise that should be applied to maximise the benefits of exercise for different subgroups of patients with type 2 diabetes. Based on available evidence and our own clinical research experience this article proposes that exercise therapy in type 2 diabetes might be more effective if (1) cardiac rehabilitation programmes served as a model for 'pre-cardiac diabetes rehabilitation'; (2) resistance exercise were prescribed for sarcopenic or severely deconditioned type 2 diabetes patients; and (3) a multidisciplinary approach and continued exercise training under personal supervision became standard therapy. Nevertheless, more clinical research is warranted to establish the efficacy of an approach that takes into account type 2 diabetes subpopulations at different stages of the disease and with different levels of comorbidity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18230822,

title = {Long-Standing, Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Complications Respond Well to Short-Term Resistance and Interval Exercise Training},

author = {S F E Praet and R A M Jonkers and G Schep and C D A Stehouwer and H Kuipers and H A Keizer and L J Loon},

doi = {10.1530/EJE-07-0169},

issn = {1479-683X},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-02-01},

journal = {European journal of endocrinology},

volume = {158},

number = {2},

pages = {163–172},

abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility and the benefits of combined resistance and interval exercise training on phenotype characteristics and skeletal muscle function in deconditioned, type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with polyneuropathy.nnDESIGN: Short-term, single-arm intervention trial.nnMETHODS: Eleven male T2D patients (age: 59.1+/-7.5 years; body mass index: 32.2+/-4.0 kg/m2) performed progressive resistance and interval exercise training thrice a week for 10 weeks. Besides primary diabetes outcome measures, muscle strength (MUST), maximal workload capacity (Wmax), whole-body peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and muscle oxidative capacity (MUOX), intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and glycogen (IMCG) storage, and systemic inflammation markers were determined before and after training. Daily exogenous insulin requirements (EIR) and historic individualized EIR were gathered and analysed.nnRESULTS: MUST and Wmax increased with 17% (90% confidence intervals 9-24%) and 14% (6-21) respectively. Furthermore, mean arterial blood pressure declined with 5.5 mmHg (-9.7 to -1.4). EIR dropped with 5.0 IU/d (-11.5 to 1.5) compared with baseline. A decline of respectively -0.7 mmol/l (-2.9 to 1.5) and -147 micromol/l (-296 to 2) in fasting plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acids concentrations were observed following the intervention, but these were not accompanied by changes in VO2peak, MUOX, IMCL or IMCG, and blood glycolysated haemoglobin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and/or cholesterol concentrations.nnCONCLUSION: Short-term resistance and interval exercise training is feasible in deconditioned T2D patients with polyneuropathy and accompanied by moderate improvements in muscle function and blood pressure. Such a specific exercise regimen may provide a better framework for future exercise intervention programmes in the treatment of deconditioned T2D patients.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{mauricem.a.l.pelsers2008,

title = {The Role of Membrane Fatty-Acid Transporters in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Substrate Use during Exercise},

author = {Maurice M. A. L. Pelsers and Trent Stellingwerff and Luc J. C. Loon},

doi = {10.2165/00007256-200838050-00003},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Sports Medicine},

volume = {38},

number = {5},

pages = {387–399},

abstract = {While endogenous carbohydrates form the main substrate source during high-intensity exercise, long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) represent the main substrate source during more prolonged low- to moderate-intensity exercise. Adipose tissue lipolysis is responsible for the supply of LCFA to the contracting muscle. Once taken up by skeletal muscle tissue, LCFA can either serve as a substrate for oxidative phosphorylation or can be directed towards esterification into triacylglycerol. Myocellular uptake of LCFA comprises a complex and incompletely understood process. Although LCFA can enter the cell via passive diffusion, more recent reports indicate that LCFA uptake is tightly regulated by plasma membrane-located transport proteins (fatty acid translocase [FAT/CD36], plasmalemmal-located fatty acid binding protein [FABPpm] and fatty acid transport protein [FATP]). Depending on cardiac and skeletal muscle energy demands, some of these LCFA transporters can translocate rapidly from intracellular pools to the plasma membrane to allow greater LCFA uptake. This translocation process can be induced by insulin and/or muscle contraction. However, the precise signalling pathways responsible for activating the translocation machinery remain to be elucidated. This article will provide an overview on the effects of diet, acute exercise and exercise training on the expression and/or translocation of the various LCFA transporters in skeletal muscle tissue (FAT/CD36, FABPpm, FATP).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid18046185,

title = {A Single Session of Resistance Exercise Induces Oxidative Damage in Untrained Men},

author = {Saskia J Rietjens and Milou Beelen and Rene Koopman and Luc J C VAN Loon and Aalt Bast and Guido R M M Haenen},

doi = {10.1249/mss.0b013e318157936d},

issn = {0195-9131},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-12-01},

journal = {Medicine and science in sports and exercise},

volume = {39},

number = {12},

pages = {2145–2151},

abstract = {PURPOSE: During exercise, the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species significantly increases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a single session of resistance exercise on antioxidant capacity, oxidative damage, and inflammation.nnMETHODS: Muscle biopsies, urine, and blood samples were collected from seven healthy men before and after a single bout of resistance exercise.nnRESULTS: A single session of resistance exercise was found to induce oxidative damage, as shown by a 40% increase in the concentration of urinary F2alpha-isoprostanes (P ¡ 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity of plasma increased 16% (P ¡ 0.05). This increase seemed to be predominantly attributable to an increase in plasma uric acid concentrations of 53% (P ¡ 0.05). Similar to uric acid, but to a relatively much smaller extent, vitamin C and vitamin E levels in plasma were also elevated (P ¡ 0.05). Moreover, the erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) [corrected] concentration increased 47% during exercise (P ¡ 0.05). Also in skeletal muscle, uric acid levels were found to increase after exercise (P ¡ 0.05). Moreover, 30 min after exercise, skeletal muscle glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase activity increased 28 and 42%, respectively (P ¡ 0.05). Skeletal muscle reduced GSH [corrected] and GSH [corrected] disulphide (GSSG) concentrations were not affected by exercise. The Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was not increased by exercise, indicating that a NF-kappaB-mediated inflammatory response does not occur.nnCONCLUSION: We conclude that a single session of resistance exercise induces oxidative damage despite an adaptive increase in antioxidant capacity of blood and skeletal muscle.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}